Potential of rhizobacteria native to Argentina for the control of Meloidogyne javanica / Potencial de rizobacterias nativas de Argentina para el control de Meloidogyne javanica

Abstract Biocontrol of the nematode Meloidogyne javanica was studied using the Argentinean strains Pseudomonas fluorescens MME3, TAE4, TAR5 and ZME4 and Bacillus sp. B7S, B9T and B19S. Pseudomonas protegens CHA0 was used as a positive control. Egg hatching and juvenile mortality were evaluated in vitro by exposure of nematodes to bacterial suspensions or their cell-free supernatants (CFS). The effect of bacteria on nematode infestation of lettuce was also studied. results showed that most of the tested strains and CFS reduced egg hatching and juvenile survival in vitro. The bacterial suspension of Bacillus sp. B9T produced the lowest hatching of eggs. Juvenile mortality was higher when M. javanica was exposed to Bacillus sp. than to Pseudomonas spp. suspensions. Except for CFS of B9T, all filtrates inhibited hatching at levels similar to or higher than the biocontrol strain P. protegens CHA0. The CFS of CHA0 showed the highest level of juvenile mortality followed by Bacillus sp. strains and P. fluorescens TAE4. None of the inoculated rhizobacteria reverted the negative effect of infestation on the aerial dry weight of lettuce plants. However, inoculation impacted on reproduction of M. javanica by reducing the development of galls and egg masses on roots and diminishing the number of individuals both on roots and in the substrate, as well as the reproduction factor. These results show that most of the analyzed native strains can control the nematode M. javanica. Among them, P. fluorescens TAE4 and Bacillus sp. B9T showed the most promising performances for the biocontrol of this pathogen and have a potential use in the formulation of commercial products.

Resumen Se estudiaron las cepas argentinas Pseudomonas fluorescens MME3, TAE4, TAR5 y ZME4 y Bacillus sp. B7S, B9T y B19S para el control del nematodo Meloidogyne javanica. Pseudomonas protegens CHA0 se utilizó como control positivo. La eclosión de huevos y la mortalidad de juveniles se evaluaron in vitro al exponerlos a suspensiones bacterianas y a sus sobrenadantes libres de células (SLC). Asimismo, se estudió la inoculación bacteriana sobre la infestación del nematodo en lechuga. Los resultados in vitro indicaron que la mayoría de las cepas, así como sus SLC redujeron la eclosión y la supervivencia de M. javanica. La suspensión de Bacillus sp. B9T produjo los menores niveles de eclosión. La mortalidad de juveniles fue mayor al exponerlos a suspensiones de Bacillus sp. respecto de Pseudomonas spp. Los SLC inhibieron la eclosión de huevos en niveles similares o superiores a P. protegens CHA0, excepto por el de B9T. La exposición a SLC de CHA0 registró la mayor mortalidad, seguido por las cepas de Bacillus sp. y P. fluorescens TAE4. La inoculación bacteriana no revertió el efecto de la infestación sobre el peso seco aéreo de las plantas, sin embargo, afectó la multiplicación de M. javanica lo que redujo el desarrollo de agallas y las masas de huevos, y disminuyó el número de individuos presentes tanto en la raíz como en el sustrato, así como el factor de reproducción. Los resultados indican que la mayoría de las cepas nativas evaluadas son capaces de controlar a M. javanica. Entre ellas, P. fluorescens TAE4 y Bacillus sp. B9T, se presentan como las más promisorias para el control de este patógeno, con potencialidad para ser utilizadas en la formulación de productos biológicos.

Primer reporte en Cuba de Anisakis spp. en muestras de pescado en conserva / First report in Cuba of Anisakis spp. in samples of canned fish

Introducción: Las especies de Anisakis representan uno de los grupos parasitarios patógenos transmitidos por alimentos más importantes en relación con sus capacidades zoonóticas y pueden producir una enfermedad emergente llamada anisakiosis. En Cuba, no existen reportes de la enfermedad como tampoco publicaciones sobre la detección del parásito en muestras de productos pesqueros. Objetivo: Identificar larvas de Anisakis spp. en muestras de productos pesqueros. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio para la búsqueda de larvas de Anisakis spp. en muestras de productos pesqueros en conserva recibidos en el Laboratorio de Parasitología de los alimentos del Instituto Nacional de Higiene, Epidemiología y Microbiología de Cuba. Se recibieron 96 muestras de dos marcas diferentes. A cada marca se le asignó las letras A o B para proteger la identidad del fabricante. Las larvas recuperadas fueron previamente aclaradas con lactofenol e identificadas morfológicamente por microscopía. Se utilizaron las claves de identificación para larvas de Anisakis spp. descritas en la literatura. Resultados: El 38,5 por ciento del total de muestras de pescado en conserva analizadas estuvieron parasitadas con larvas de Anisakis spp., con una frecuencia media de 1,2 larvas por cada submuestra. Las larvas fueron clasificadas de tercer estadio y de tipo I. Conclusiones: Por primera vez se identificó en Cuba larvas de Anisakis spp. en muestras de pescado en conserva y se proporcionó datos de interés a las autoridades sanitarias para el fortalecimiento de políticas públicas relacionadas con la calidad e inocuidad de los alimentos(AU)

Introduction: Anisakis species represent one of the most important foodborne pathogenic parasitic groups in relation to their zoonotic capabilities, and can produce an emerging disease called anisakiosis. In Cuba, there are no reports of the disease and there are no publications on the detection of the parasite in samples of fishery products. Objective: To identify Anisakis spp. larvae in samples of fishery products. Methods: A study was conducted to search for Anisakis spp. larvae in samples of canned fish products received at the Laboratory of Food Parasitology of the National Institute of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Microbiology of Cuba. Ninety-six samples of two different brands were received. Each brand was assigned letter A or B to protect the identity of the manufacturer. The larvae recovered were previously rinsed with lactophenol and identified morphologically by microscopy. The identification keys for Anisakis spp. larvae described in the literature were used. Results: 38.5 percent of the total canned fish samples analyzed were parasitized with Anisakis spp. larvae, with a mean frequency of 1.2 larvae per subsample. The larvae were classified as third instar and type I. Conclusions: For the first time in Cuba, Anisakis spp. larvae were identified in canned fish samples and provided data of interest to health authorities to strengthen public policies related to food quality and safety(AU)

Potential of rhizobacteria native to Argentina for the control of Meloidogyne javanica.

Biocontrol of the nematode Meloidogyne javanica was studied using the Argentinean strains Pseudomonas fluorescens MME3, TAE4, TAR5 and ZME4 and Bacillus sp. B7S, B9T and B19S. Pseudomonas protegens CHA0 was used as a positive control. Egg hatching and juvenile mortality were evaluated in vitro by exposure of nematodes to bacterial suspensions or their cell-free supernatants (CFS). The effect of bacteria on nematode infestation of lettuce was also studied. results showed that most of the tested strains and CFS reduced egg hatching and juvenile survival in vitro. The bacterial suspension of Bacillus sp. B9T produced the lowest hatching of eggs. Juvenile mortality was higher when M. javanica was exposed to Bacillus sp. than to Pseudomonas spp. suspensions. Except for CFS of B9T, all filtrates inhibited hatching at levels similar to or higher than the biocontrol strain P. protegens CHA0. The CFS of CHA0 showed the highest level of juvenile mortality followed by Bacillus sp. strains and P. fluorescens TAE4. None of the inoculated rhizobacteria reverted the negative effect of infestation on the aerial dry weight of lettuce plants. However, inoculation impacted on reproduction of M. javanica by reducing the development of galls and egg masses on roots and diminishing the number of individuals both on roots and in the substrate, as well as the reproduction factor. These results show that most of the analyzed native strains can control the nematode M. javanica. Among them, P. fluorescens TAE4 and Bacillus sp. B9T showed the most promising performances for the biocontrol of this pathogen and have a potential use in the formulation of commercial products.

Caenorhabditis elegans como modelo de infección para el estudio de antimicrobianos / Caenorhabditis elegans as an infection model for the study of antimicrobials

Resumen A pesar de algunas limitaciones éticas, los animales juegan un papel importante como anfitriones sustitutos para investigar los mecanismos fisiopatológicos de enfermedades con el fin de indagar en ellos medicamentos contra diferentes patologías. Uno de los grandes problemas en salud pública a nivel mundial en el contexto farmacológico es la producción de antibióticos y la ocurrencia de resistencia microbiana, además, cada vez resulta más complejo el uso de modelos animales por las restricciones bioéticas actuales, no obstante, es necesario usar modelos simples en los estudios preliminares que permitan evaluar las interacciones huésped-patógeno-antimicrobiano. Al validar que Caenorhabditis elegans es susceptible a varias bacterias y además tiene la capacidad de responder a estímulos ambientales con cambios observables en el comportamiento tras ser alimentado con diversas bacterias, resulta muy útil usarlo en este tipo de investigaciones ya que tiene una vida promedio corta y no cuenta con restricciones éticas para su uso. Por lo anterior, en este artículo se revisa la susceptibilidad que tiene C.elegans de infectarse con diferentes bacterias, además, ya que aún no se ha validado completamente como modelo para poner a prueba antimicrobianos se propone que este nematodo es útil como modelo In vivo para evaluar infecciones y tratamientos antibacterianos.

Abstract Despite some ethical limitations, animals play an important role as surrogate hosts in investigating the pathophysiological mechanisms of disease in order to test drugs against different pathologies. One of the great problems in public health worldwide in the pharmacological context is the production of antibiotics and the occurrence of microbial resistance, the use of animal models is becoming increasingly complex due to current bioethical restrictions, however, it is necessary to use models simple in preliminary studies that allow evaluating host-pathogen-antimicrobial interactions. Validating that Caenorhabditis elegans is susceptible to various bacteria and also has the ability to respond to environmental stimuli with observable changes in behavior after being fed with various bacteria, it is very useful to use it in this type of research since it has a short average life and does not have ethical restrictions for its use. Therefore, this article reviews the susceptibility of C. elegance to become infected with different bacteria, in addition, since it has not yet been fully validated as a model to test antimicrobials, it is proposed that this nematode is useful as an in vivo model. to evaluate infections and antibacterial treatments.

Parásitos gastrointestinales en mamíferos silvestres cautivos en el Centro de Fauna de San Emigdio, Palmira (Colombia) / Gastrointestinal parasites in captive wild mammals at the fauna center from San Emigdio, Palmira (Colombia)

RESUMEN La parasitosis intestinal en mamíferos silvestres es una de las principales complicaciones debido a las condiciones exógenas del cautiverio; predisponen al animal a complicaciones fisiológicas o infecciones secundarias que impiden su rehabilitación y reintroducción. El objetivo de esta investigación fue determinar la presencia de parásitos gastrointestinales en mamíferos silvestres del Centro de Atención y Valoración de Fauna silvestre del Centro de Educación Ambiental San Emigdio, San Emigdio, Palmira (Colombia). Se tomaron muestras fecales de 25 animales cautivos en el Centro de Atención y Valoración y fueron analizadas mediante dos técnicas: a) montaje con solución salina al 0,85 % y solución de lugol al 1% y b) técnica de flotación por solución saturada (Sheather) con densidad de 1.28g/ml, encontrando un 36% de positividad. Se encontró Enterobius vermicularis, Fasciola sp., Entamoeba sp. y Ancylostoma sp. El grupo de primates no humanos presentó cargas parasitarias más altas con respecto a felinos, caninos y demás mamíferos del estudio. Los microorganismos identificados son reconocidos como parásitos causantes de complicaciones en animales cautivos y en libertad; al igual, son catalogados como posibles riesgos zoonóticos.

ABSTRACT Intestinal parasitosis in wild mammals is one of the main complications due to the exogenous conditions of captivity. They predispose the animal to physiological complications or secondary infections that prevent its rehabilitation and reintroduction. The objective is to determine the presence of gastrointestinal parasites in wild mammals from the Wildlife Care and Valuation Center of the San Emigdio Environmental Education Center, San Emigdio, Palmira (Colombia). Fecal samples were taken from 25 captive animals in Care and Valuation Center being analyzed using two techniques: a) assembly with 0.85% saline solution and 1% lugol solution and b) saturated solution flotation technique (Sheather) with a density of 1.28g/ml, with a 36% of positivity. Enterobius vermicularis, Fasciola sp., Entamoeba sp. and Ancylostoma sp. were found. The group of non-human primates had higher parasitic intensity compared to felines, canines and other mammals in the study. The identified microorganisms are recognized as parasites causing complications in captive animals and in free life; likewise, they are classified as possible zoonotic risks.

IDENTIFICACIÓN MOLECULAR Y REGISTRO DE Aphelenchoides spp. EN CULTIVOS COMERCIALES DE Hydrangea EN ANTIOQUIA, COLOMBIA / MOLECULAR IDENTIFICATION AND REPORT OF Aphelenchoides spp. IN COMMERCIAL CROPS OF Hydrangea IN ANTIOQUIA, COLOMBIA

RESUMEN El cultivo comercial de hortensias para flor de exportación ocupa un renglón importante en el sector económico del oriente antioqueño, por ser fuente de empleo y de desarrollo en la zona. La hortensia (Hydrangea macrophylla) es afectada por numerosos organismos fitopatógenos, entre ellos, nematodos del género Aphelenchoides, los que ocasionan, en el follaje, lesiones necróticas angulares, malformación de flor, enanismo y un daño indirecto en la tasa fotosintética, demeritando los parámetros de calidad para exportación. El objetivo de este estudio fue identificar, molecularmente, las especies del nematodo Aphelenchoides asociadas al cultivo de hortensias de color, en los municipios de Medellín (Santa Elena), La Ceja y Rionegro, siendo este el primer reporte para Colombia, de las especies de este género. Para la ejecución del estudio, se realizaron 10 muestreos en cultivos comerciales, distribuidos entre los tres municipios mencionados. Los nematodos extraídos, se sometieron a pruebas basadas en el análisis de ADN, haciendo uso del marcador ribosomal 18S. Los análisis filogenéticos practicados mostraron la presencia de la especie Aphelenchoides ritzemabosi en cultivos de hortensias, del corregimiento de Santa Elena y, de A. fragarie, en los municipios de La Ceja y Rionegro.

ABSTRACT Hydrangea macrophylla commercial crops have an important economic significance for the eastern region of the department of Antioquia, Colombia, due to its impact on employment and local development. This flowering plant can be attacked by several phytopathogens among them nematodes of the genus Aphelenchoides; which can produce necrotic lesions on the plant leaves as well decreased photosynthetic rate, dwarfism, and flower malformation. Additionally, this pathogen is considered a regulated pest and limits the international commercialization of the flower. The aim of this study was to molecularly identify the Aphelenchoides species associated with infected H. macrophylla plants in crops the municipalities of Medellín, La Ceja, and Rionegro. This is the first report of the species of this phytopathogen for Colombia. The sampling activities were performed in ten commercial crops locate at the three municipalities. The isolated nematodes were subject to DNA-based tests were the 18S rDNA gene was amplified, sequenced and analyzed using phylogenetic methods. The obtained results showed the infection of Aphelenchoides ritzemabosi within the Santa Elena (Medellin) area in crops and A. fragarie within the municipalities of La Ceja, and Rionegro.

POSIBLE RESISTENCIA DE Dictyocaulus viviparus AL FENBENDAZOL EN UN BOVINO / POSSIBLE RESISTANCE OF Dictyocaulus viviparus TO FENBENDAZOLE IN A BOVINE

Se describe un caso de posible resistencia al fenbendazol en una ternera Jersey infestada por Dictyocaulus viviparus. En el municipio de Entrerríos (Antioquia, Colombia), una hembra de la raza Jersey de 6 meses de edad, presentó un serio cuadro de bronco-neumonía, el cual no mejoró con la aplicación de fenbendazol y enrofloxacina como terapia de mantenimiento. En la necropsia, se observó un número elevado de parásitos vivos compatibles con Dictyocaulus viviparus, determinando una bronquitis verminosa. Este nematodo, el cual se trata rutinariamente con fenbendazol en las fincas lecheras colombianas, ha demostrado ser resistente frente algunos bencimidazoles; finalmente, se señalan las posibles causas de esta resistencia de Dictyocaulus viviparus en la ternera Jersey.

It describe the clinical case of a possible resistance to fenbendazole in a Jersey calf infested by Dictyocaulus viviparous described. In the municipality of Entrerrios (Antioquia, Colombia) a female Jersey breed of 6 months of age, presented serious sings of bronchopneumonia. which did not improve with the application of fenbendazole and enrofloxacin as maintenance therapy. At the necropsy, a large number of live parasites compatible with Dictyocaulus viviparus were observed, determining a verminous bronchitis. This nematode, which is routinely treated with fenbendazole in Colombian dairy farms, has been proved resistance when is trated with some benzimidazoles. This specific case shows the possible causes of the Dictyocaulus viviparus resistance in Jersey calf.

Autochthonous cutaneous larva migrans infection in Guipúzcoa. / Larva migrans cutánea de origen autóctono en Guipúzcoa.

INTRODUCTION: Cutaneous larva migrans (LM) infection forms a serpiginous eruption caused by the migration of nematode helminths through the epidermis. The parasites are acquired when the skin comes into contact with soil contaminated by the feces of infected animals. Until now, infections have been believed to be imported from tropical and subtropical regions. Our aim was to study cases of cutaneous LM diagnosed in residents of the Spanish province of Guipúzcoa who had not recently traveled to such regions. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Cross-sectional observational study of LM cases diagnosed in Hospital Universitario Donostia from 2011 to 2015 in patients who had not visited a region where this nematode infection is endemic. Clinical diagnoses were based on characteristic lesions. We studied the following variables: age, sex, site of lesions, date of onset of symptoms, possible source of contagion, pathologic findings, treatment, and clinical course. RESULTS: We found 4 cases, all in men (mean age, 60 years). Lesions were on the lower extremities in 3 patients and on the trunk in 1 patient. All had been in contact with soil that could have been contaminated by feces and was the most likely source of the parasite. The lesions disappeared after treatment with oral albendazole. CONCLUSIONS: The appearance of cases of autochthonous LM in Europe requires investigation of the culprit species, a review of the epidemiology of this infection, which was once considered imported, and the planning of public health measures to prevent it from becoming endemic.

Canine heartworm disease in a brazilian non-endemic area / Dirofilariose canina em uma aréa não endêmica brasileira / Dirofilariosis canina en una zona no endémica brasileña

Canine Heartworm Disease (CHD) is a mosquito-borne disease caused by Dirofilaria immitis. In this study, two mature adult-senior dogs from a non-endemic area to CHD presented clinical signs suggestive to the disease. The first one presented skin lesions, loss of appetite, weakness, pale mucosa membrane, and hyperthermia, whereas the second one presented severe ascites, anorexia and exercise intolerance, lateral decumbency, and marked heart murmurs. Both presented tachypnea, thrombocytopenia, leukocytosis, and microfilaremia. Multiplex-PCR (COI gene) resulted positive to D. immitis research in both cases, confirmed by sequencing, with 98% homology to D. immitis (Gen Bank accession n.AJ537512-1). In addition, both animals have never had any prophylactic treatment to CHD, and no reports about traveling to coastal areas. This study reported two unusual cases of D. immitis infection in non-endemic area from Brazil.

A dirofilariose canina (CHD) é uma doença transmitida por mosquitos e causada por Dirofilaria immitis. No presente estudo, dois cães de idade adulta a idoso de área não endêmica apresentaram sinais clínicos sugestivos da doença. O primeiro apresentou lesões de pele, perda de apetite, fraqueza, mucosas pálidas e hipertermia, enquanto o segundo apresentou severo quadro de ascite, anorexia e intolerância ao exercício, decúbito lateral, e murmúrios cardíacos acentuados. Ambos apresentaram taquipneia, trombocitopenia, leucocitose e microfilaremia. A pesquisa por D. immitis pela multiplex-PCR (COI gene) resultou positiva em ambos os casos, confirmada pelo sequenciamento, com 98% de homologia com D. immitis (Gen Bank n. AJ537512-1). Nenhum dos animais havia sido submetido a tratamento profilático para CHD e não havia relatos de viagens para regiões litorâneas. Assim, o presente estudo reporta dois casos raros de infecção por D. immitis em área brasileira não endêmica para a doença.

La dirofilariosis canina (CHD) es una enfermedad transmitida por mosquitos y causada por Dirofilaria immitis. En este estudio, dos perros de edad adulta a anciano, de área no endémica presentaron signos clínicos de la enfermedad. El primero presentó lesiones en la piel, pérdida del apetito, debilidad, palidez de mucosas e hipertermia, mientras el otro presentó severa ascitis, anorexia e intolerancia al ejercicio, decúbito lateral, y soplos cardíacos acentuados. Ambos presentaron taquipnea, trombocitopenia, leucocitosis y microfilaremia. La investigación de D. immitis por multiplex-PCR (gen COI) resultó positivo en ambos casos, confirmados por la técnica de secuenciación, con 98% de homología con D. immitis (Gen Bank n.AJ537512-1). Ninguno de los animales había sido sometido al tratamiento profiláctico para CHD, y sin relatos de viajes a regiones costeras. El presente estudio reporta dos casos raros de la infección por D. immitis en zona no endémica de Brasil.

Pseudoobstrucción intestinal por ascaris lumbricoides / Intestinal pseudo-obstruction by ascaris lumbricoides

La ascariosis es una geohelmintosis, ya que el agente causal requiere de la tierra para que se forme la fase infectiva para el hombre, que en este caso la fase es el huevo larvado conteniendo la larva de segundo estadio. Es una infección producida por el nematodo Ascaris lumbricoides, uno de los parásitos descritos desde la antigüedad (Becerril, 2008). Esta parasitosis tiene gran importancia epidemiológica, pues las zonas donde se presenta con mayor frecuencia son las de gran pobreza; aquellas donde la gente acostumbra a defecar a ras del suelo, pues no tiene el recurso económico necesario para construir baños, ni dispone de agua potable. Esta parasitosis afecta a 25 a 35% de la población mundial (Biagi, 2004) (Becerril, 2008). Generalmente los pacientes infectados por este nematodo cursan asintómaticos, pero en caso contrario la sintomatología dependerá de la fase del ciclo vital en la que el parásito se encuentre pudiendo existir síntomas pulmonares o gastrointestinales, incluso en ciertas poblaciones como la pediátrica podría incluso ocasionar la muerte por múltiples mecanismos dentro de los cuales se incluyen la migración errática y/o la obstrucción intestinal (MS., 1996).

Ascariasis is a geohelmintosis as the causal agent requires the land for transformate into the infective stage for man, which in this case is the larval stage egg containing second stage larvae. It is an infection caused by the nematode Ascaris lumbricoides, one of the parasites described since antiquity. This parasitosis has great epidemiological importance, since the areas where it is most often are of great poverty; those where people tend to defecate storey, as it has needed to build toilets, drinking water and has economic resource. This parasitic disease affects 25-35% of the world population. Usually the patients infected with this nematode are asymptomatic, but otherwise the symptoms depend on the life cycle phase in which the parasite is found, there may be lung or gastrointestinal symptoms even in certain populations such as pediatric can cause death by multiple mechanisms including erratic migration and / or bowel obstruction.

Primeros registros de Hysterothylacium pelagicum (Anisakidae) y Toxocara alienata (Toxocaridae) en el Perú - Fe de errata

Error en el artículo Primeros registros de Hysterothylacium pelagicum (Anisakidae) y Toxocara alienata (Toxocaridae) en el Perú publicado en la Revista Peruana de Biologia (2014) 21 (2): 171-174. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.15381/rpb.v21i2.9820. El error esta referido a la Tabla 1. Algunas medidas de Hysterothylacium pelagicum no han sido expesadas correctamente. Debe considerarse la tabla adjunta.

An error is in the article First records of Hysterothylacium pelagicum (Anisakidae) and Toxocara alienata (Toxocaridae) from Peru published in Revista Peruana de Biologia (2014) 21 (2): 171-174. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.15381/rpb.v21i2.9820. The error is referred to Table 1. Some measures of Hysterothylacium pelagicum are not reported correctly. Here, present the table that should be considered.

Primeros registros de Hysterothylacium pelagicum (Anisakidae) y Toxocara alienata (Toxocaridae) en el Perú

Dos nematodos ascarididos son registrados para el Perú: Hysterothylacium pelagicum parasitando al pez perico o dorado (Coryphaena hippurus) colectado en un mercado de Lima y a Toxocara alienata encontrado en un pecarí de collar (Pecari tajacu) procedente de Iquitos. Así mismo, se realiza una descripción morfológica de los nematodos mencionados.

Two ascaridoid nematodes are recorded by Peru: Hysterothylacium pelagicum parasitizing to common dolphinfish (Coryphaena hippurus) from a market of Lima and Toxocara alienata in a collared peccary (Pecari tajacu) from Iquitos. Likewise, it is made a morphological description of the nematodes.

Primer registro de Serratospiculum tendo (Nematoda: Diplotriaenidae) para el Perú

Reportamos por primera vez la presencia del nematodo, Serratospiculum tendo Nitzsch, 1819, parasitando los sacos aéreos de un halcón peregrino (Falco peregrinus Tunstall, 1771). Seis nematodos (2 machos y 4 hembras) fueron colectados e identificados como S. tendo. El hallazgo de este nematodo constituye el primer registro en el Perú

We report for first time the presence of nematode, Serratospiculum tendo Nitzsch, 1819, parasitizing air sacs of a Peregrine Falcon (Falco peregrinus Tunstall, 1771). Six nematodes (2 males and 4 females) were collected and identified as S. tendo. The discovery of this nematode is the first record in Peru

Use of experimental translocations of Allegheny woodrat to decipher causal agents of decline.

Translocations are an important tool for wildlife conservation, although progress in the field of reintroduction biology has been hindered by the ad hoc and opportunistic nature of many translocations. We used an experimental translocation to elucidate the role of raccoon roundworm (Baylisascaris procyonis) and inbreeding depression in the decline of the Allegheny woodrat (Neotoma magister), an endangered species. We translocated woodrats from genetically diverse populations in the core of the species range to 4 previously occupied sites (reintroductions) and 2 sites supporting genetically depauperate populations (reinforcements) in Indiana (U.S.A.). In 2 reintroduction sites and 1 reinforcement site, we distributed anthelmintic baits to passively deworm raccoons and reduce the risk of woodrat exposure to roundworms. The remaining sites served as controls. We used raccoon latrine surveys and fecal flotation to monitor temporal variability in roundworm prevalence and effect of treatment. We used live trapping and microsatellite genotyping to monitor the demographic and genetic response of translocated populations over the following 54 months. At the conclusion of the study, 4 of 6 translocations were successfully maintaining abundance through local recruitment. The distribution of anthelmintic baits reduced levels of roundworm contamination, but levels of contamination were also low in 2 of 3 control sites. Reintroductions failed at control sites, one of which was due to high roundworm exposure. The other failed control reintroduction was likely attributable to demographic stochasticity and limited reproductive potential following initial mortality within the first 4 months. In both control and treatment reinforcements, increases in both allelic richness and heterozygosity were accompanied by increases in abundance, which is suggestive of genetic rescue. Our results demonstrate that mitigation of roundworm exposure through the distribution of anthelmintic baits can facilitate woodrat recovery and that diversity within genetically depauperate populations can be restored through the introduction of a limited number of individuals.

EFECTO DE EXTRACTOS CETÓNICOS DE HIGUERILLA (Ricinus communis LINNEO) SOBRE EL NEMATODO BARRENADOR [Radopholus similis (COBB) THORNE] EN CONDICIONES IN VITRO / EFFECTS OF CASTOR-OIL PLANT (Ricinus communis LINNEO) KETONE EXTRACTS ON THE BURROWING NEMATODE [Radopholus similis(COBB) THORNE] UNDER IN VITRO CONDITIONS

Los nematicidas utilizados para el control de nematodos fitoparásitos son costosos y contaminan los ecosistemas terrestres y acuáticos, debido a ello se buscó otra alternativa para su manejo, como fue evaluar el efecto de extractos cetónicos (metodología de Soxhlet) de raíces, tallos, hojas y frutos de higuerilla (Ricinus communis) en tres concentraciones de 25, 50 y 100%, comparándolos con los testigos agua y químico (Carbofuran) sobre R. similis en condiciones in vitro. Se aplicaron 2 mL de cada extracto sobre 50 hembras de R. similis depositadas en cajas de Petri. Después de 48 h, se evaluó el efecto nematicida y nemostático de los extractos bajo un diseño experimental completamente al azar. En los tres tiempos de lectura, los tratamientos delos extractos cetónicos de frutos, raíces y hojas de higuerilla en la concentración de 100%, tuvieron un efecto nematicida entre 73 y 89%, sin diferencias estadísticas significativas al testigo químico que tuvo valores entre 82 y 98%;estos tratamientos presentaron diferencias estadísticas significativas con el testigo agua que presentó valores menoresentre 0,7 y 12%. La prueba de Bradford permitió conocer la presencia de proteínas en los extractos cetónicos de los tejidos de higuerilla, confirmando que el extracto cetónico de frutos tuvo una cantidad alta de Albúmina,probablemente ricina, que influyó en la mortalidad mayor de R. similis.

Nematicides used for phytoparasite nematodes control are expensive and pollute land and water ecosystems. Because of this, an alternative for their handling was looked for, as it was the evaluation of the effect of ketone extracts (Soxhlet's method) in higuerilla (Ricinus communis) roots, stems, leaves and fruits in three concentrations of 25, 50 and 100%, comparing them to water and chemical (Carbofuran) controls on R. similis in vitro conditions. Two mL of each extract were applied on 50 female R. similis placed on Petri dishes. After 48 h, the extracts nematicide and nemostatic effect under a completely randomized experimental design was evaluated. In the three reading times, the higuerilla fruits, roots and leaves ketone extracts in the 100%, concentration had a nematicidal effect between 73 and 89% without significant statistic differences with the chemical control which had values between 82 and 98%. These treatments presented differences statistically significant with the water control which showed lower values between 0.7 and 12%. Bradford's test allowed to detect the presence of proteins in higuerilla ketone tissues extracts confirming that the ketone fruit extract had a high amount of albumin, possibly caster oil, which influenced the increased mortality of R. similis.

Domestic cat paraplegia compatible with Gurltia paralysans nematode. First cases reported in Colombia / Paraplejia en gatos domésticos compatible con el nemátodo Gurltia paralysans. Primer reporte de casos en Colombia / Paraplegia em gatos domésticos compatíveis com o Gurltia paralysans. Primeiro reporte de casos na Colômbia

Six cases of cat paraplegia diagnosed in years 2001 and 2002 in Antioquia province (Colombia) are reported in this paper. Diagnosis was supported on clinical exams, radiography, myelogram, necropsy, and histopathology. Clinical signs where ataxia, decreased superficial sensitivity, loss of deep sensitivity, progressive paralysis, hind limb atrophy, and urinary and fecal retention. Necropsy and histopathology analysis revealed the presence of a nematode in the spinal cord meningeal blood vessels at the T10-L4 segment level, causing medullar compression and myelomalacia. Differential diagnose was conducted through the analysis of the parasite's histopathological cuts. Its morphological characteristics differed from those of other possible nematodes such as filarial erratic larve, Ancylostome sp, and Ascaris sp. It was concluded that the nematode is compatible with the one described as Gurltia paralysans.

En este trabajo se reportan seis casos de paraplejia en gatos, presentados durante los años 2001 y 2002 en el departamento de Antioquia (Colombia). El diagnóstico se realizó mediante examen clínico, radiografía, mielografía, necropsia e histopatología. Los signos clínicos fueron ataxia, disminución de la sensibilidad superficial, pérdida de la sensibilidad profunda, parálisis progresiva, atrofia de músculos del tren posterior, así como retención urinaria y fecal. La necropsia y el análisis histopatológico mostraron la presencia de un nematodo ubicado en los vasos sanguíneos de las meninges de la médula espinal, a nivel del segmento T10-L4, y el cual produjo compresión medular y mielomalacia. Al hacer diagnóstico diferencial mediante análisis de los cortes histopatológicos del parásito, se encontró que sus características morfológicas diferían de las de otros nematodos posibles, como es el caso de las larvas erráticas de filaria, Ancylostoma sp. y Ascaris sp, por lo cual se concluyó que el nematodo presente es compatible con el descrito como Gurltia paralysans.

Neste trabalho reportam-se seis casos de paraplegia em gatos, apresentados durante os anos 2001 e 2002 no departamento de Antioquia (Colômbia). O diagnóstico foi feito pelo exame clínico, radiografia, mielografia, necropsia e histopatologia. As sinais clínicas foram: ataxia, diminuição da sensibilidade ao toque leve, perda sensorial profunda, paralisia progressiva, atrofia dos músculos na parte traseira, bem como retenção urinária e fecal. A necropsia e a análise histopatológica mostrou a presença de um nematóide localizados nos vasos sanguíneos das meninges da medula espinhal no segmento T10-L4, e que provocou a compressão da medula espinhal e mielomalácia. Ao fazer um diagnóstico diferencial pela análise das amostras do parasita, verificou-se que as suas características morfológicas diferentes às de outros nematóides possíveis, como é o caso das larvas erráticas de filaria, Ancylostoma sp e Ascaris sp, por isso, concluiu-se que este nematóide é compatível com o descrito como Gurltia paralysans.

Eliminación de estadios juveniles de Ascaris lumbricoides (Linneo, 1758) por via oral: Reporte de un caso y algunas consideraciones epidemiológicas / Elimination of juvenile stages of Ascaris lumbricoides (Linnaeus, 1758) by mouth: Report of a case and some epidemiological considerations

Ascariosis is a parasitic disease caused by Ascaris lumbricoides, a large geohelmint endemic in our country. At present, ascariosis is a rare infection in Chile. We present a case of an adult, resident of the Villa Alemana municipality, Valparaiso Region, who spontaneously expelled two juvenile nematodes by mouth. We review the manifestations produced by the larval and adult stages of this parasite including their diagnosis, treatment, and epidemiological considerations.

La ascariosis es una parasitosis provocada por Ascaris lumbricoides, el geo-helminto de mayor tamaño que afecta al ser humano en nuestro país. En Chile, la ascariosis es una infección poco frecuente en la actualidad. Se presenta el caso de un adulto residente en la comuna de Villa Alemana, Región de Valparaíso, que eliminó en forma espontánea dos ejemplares del nemátodo en estado juvenil por vía oral. Se revisan las manifestaciones producidas por este parásito en la fase larvaria y adulta, el diagnóstico, el tratamiento y algunas consideraciones epidemiológicas.

Cross-disciplinary approaches for measuring parasitic helminth viability and phenotype

Parasitic worms (helminths) within the Phyla Nematoda and Platyhelminthes are responsible for some of the most debilitating and chronic infectious diseases of human and animal populations across the globe. As no subunit vaccine for any parasitic helminth is close to being developed, the frontline strategy for intervention is administration of therapeutic, anthelmintic drugs. Worryingly, and unsurprising due to co-evolutionary mechanisms, many of these worms are developing resistance to the limited compound classes currently being used. This unfortunate reality has led to a renaissance in next generation anthelmintic discovery within both academic and industrial sectors. However, a major bottleneck in this process is the lack of quantitative methods for screening large numbers of small molecules for their effects on the whole organism. Development of methodologies that can objectively and rapidly distinguish helminth viability or phenotype would be an invaluable tool in the anthelmintic discovery pipeline. Towards this end, we describe how several basic techniques currently used to assess single cell eukaryote viability have been successfully applied to parasitic helminths. We additionally demonstrate how some of these methodologies have been adopted for high-throughput use and further modified for assessing worm phenotype. Continued development in this area is aimed at increasing the rate by which novel anthelmintics are identified and subsequently translated into everyday, practical applications.

Vermes parasíticos (helmintos) dos filos Nematoda e Platelmintos são responsáveis por algumas das doenças infecciosas crônicas e mais debilitantes das populações humana e animal em todo o globo. Já que nenhuma vacina está prestes a ser desenvolvida para nenhum parasita helmíntico, a frente estratégica de intervenção é a administração de drogas terapêuticas anti-helmínticas. De maneira preocupante, e não surpreendente devido a mecanismos coevolutivos, muitos destes vermes estão desenvolvendo resistência às limitadas classes de compostos que têm sido usados no momento. Esta infeliz realidade levou a um renascimento na descoberta de uma nova geração de anti-helmínticos tanto no setor acadêmico quanto no industrial. Contudo, um importante gargalo neste processo é a falta de métodos quantitativos para testar um grande número de pequenas moléculas em relação aos efeitos sobre o organismo inteiro. O desenvolvimento de metodologias que possam distinguir objetiva e rapidamente a viabilidade dos helmintos ou o fenótipo seria uma ferramenta valiosa para canalizar a descoberta de anti-helmínticos. Para este fim, descrevemos aqui como muitas técnicas básicas, correntemente usadas para avaliar a viabilidade de células únicas de eucariotos, têm sido aplicadas com sucesso para helmintos parasíticos. Adicionalmente demonstramos como algumas destas metodologias foram adotadas para uso em larga escala e além disso modificadas para avaliar o fenótipo de vermes. O desenvolvimento contínuo nesta área está voltado para aumentar a taxa com que novos anti-helmínticos são identificados e subsequentemente traduzidos em aplicações práticas cotidianas.

Nematodos parásitos de Lutjanus synagris (Linneaus, 1758) y Lutjanus analis (Cuvier, 1828) (perciformes, Lutjanidae) en las zonas de santa marta y neguanje, caribe colombiano / Parasitic nematodes of Lutjanus synagris and Lutjanus analis (perciformes, lutjanidae) in areas of santa marta and neguanje, Colombian caribean

Se describen los nemátodos encontrados en el sistema digestivo de las especies de pargo Lutjanus synagris y Lutjanus analis. Esta investigación se orientó principalmente a la clasificación taxonómica de los parásitos y no a los efectos o patologías que estos puedan ocasionar en los peces. Se tuvo en cuenta que en Colombia los pargos constituyen uno de los recursos de mayor importancia para la comercialización; Lutjanus synagris y Lutjanus analis son especies demersales explotadas a lo largo de toda la región costera e insular del Caribe colombiano. Los tractos digestivos se colectaron de los pargos capturados artesanalmente (nasa, cordel) por pescadores de las zonas de Santa Marta y Neguanje; se identificaron los siguientes géneros de nemátodos: Capillaria spp., Contracaecum spp., Cucullanus spp. y Raphidascaris spp.; el último género fue el más representativo.

In this study nematodes are described found in the digestive system of the species Lutjanus synagris and Lutjanus analis. The aim of this research was the taxonomic location of the intestinal parasites and not the effects or pathologies that these can cause in the fishes. For this study one kept in mind that in Colombia the pargos constitute one of the resources of more importance for the commercialization, being Lutjanus synagris and Lutjanus analis, demersal species exploded along the whole coastal region to insular of the Caribbean of Colombia. The digestive tracts were from the pargos captured hand madely (nasa, line) for fishermen of Santa Marta and Neguanje areas; time during which were located four kind of nematodes: Capillaria spp., Contracaecum spp., Cucullanus spp. and Raphidascaris spp., being this last one the most representative.

Anisakiosis / Anisakiosis

Anisakis simplex es un nematodo de distribución mundial que infecta a los consumidores de pescado crudo o poco cocido. El ciclo vital del parásito puede incluir uno o más hospedadores intermediarios y como hospedadores definitivos mamíferos marinos y grandes peces en los cuales la larva se desarrolla hasta alcanzar el estadio adulto. El hombre es un huésped accidental. Las manifestaciones clínicas de la anisakiosis dependen del lugar del tracto digestivo en que la larva se deposite. Los síntomas se desarrollan como resultado de procesos inflamatorios que se producen en la mucosa de la pared gástrica cuando penetra en ella la larva. Para prevenir esta patología no se debe consumir pescado crudo o que no haya sido congelado previamente durante 48 h, ni pescado fresco que no haya sido cocinado al menos durante 20 min. a más de 60 °C. La incidencia de la anisakiosis está en aumento en los últimos tiempos, por lo que resulta importante conocer sus manifestaciones más características, tanto clínicas como epidemiológicas y de laboratorio, especialmente porque en Venezuela hay elevado consumo de pescado, aunque no se tenga casos. Las manifestaciones más frecuentes son urticaria/angioedema recidivante y dolores abdominales ¿Cuántos de estos síntomas quedan sin diagnóstico en las consultas médicas diarias?.

Anisakis simplex is a widely distributed nematode infecting consumers of raw or undercooked fish. Life cycle of the parasite might include one or more intermediate hosts and sea mammals and big fishes as definitive hosts in which larvae develop to its adult stage. Man is an accidental host. Clinical manifestations of anisakiasis depend on the site of dwelling of larvae in the digestive tract. Symptoms develop as the result of an inflamatory process in the gastric mucosae wall due to the penetration of larvae. Prevention of this pathology relies in avoiding ingestion of raw fish or fish that hasn't been previously frozen at least 48 hours or cooked during at least 20 minures above 60º C. Incidence of anisakiasis is increasing, thus it is important to know and discuss its clinical, epidemiological and laboratory patterns, specially in Venezuela, where we register a high ingestion of fish without case register. Most common clinical features are: urticaria, recidivant angio-oedema and abdominal pain.